The Sauna in Finland
There is nothing that Finns have been so unanimous about as their sauna. This unanimity has remained unbroken for centuries and is sure to continue as long as there are children born in their native land, as long as the invitation still comes from the porch threshold in the evening twilight: "The sauna is ready."
-- Finnish author Maila Talvio (1871-1951)
The Sauna in History
The sauna has been a central part of Finnish culture and daily life for centuries, if not millennia. There are currently an estimated 2 million saunas in Finland (a country with a population of 5 million) and 99 percent of Finns take a sauna at least once a week.
Today, the word "sauna," a Finnish word whose etymology is unknown, can apply to either a freestanding structure or a wood-lined room with some sort of stove. In its simplest, oldest form, however, the sauna was probably a pit dug into a slope, with a fireplace or pile of heated stones in one corner. This most primitive of forms, which also served as a home, evolved into a rectangular log hut with a chimneyless stove, a raised platform and an earth floor. The room would fill with smoke while the stove was being heated, but the smoke would later dissipate, leaving the room lined with naturally bacteria-resistant soot.
According to historical documentation, the smoke sauna, which stood separately from the dwelling structure as early as the 12th century, persisted into the 20th century. It is still considered the most authentic form of sauna in Finland, but it can take hours to prepare -- three or four hours for heating and one or two for "settling."
Traditionally, the sauna in Finland was used not only for regular bathing, but also for a range of domestic chores and rituals, such as drying flax, preparing malts, curing meat, giving birth and preparing the deceased for burial. It was also where traveling healers (usually women) attended to the ill, administering baths or massage or drawing blood. At the summer festivals of Whitsuntide and Midsummer, special rituals involving spells, baths and hanging herbs were performed to improve young women's perceived suitability for marriage. The sauna was also believed to increase men's virility.
There was a time when public town saunas were common, though those have now more or less died out, as most Finns have access either to their own personal saunas or to shared saunas in their apartment complexes or homes. The oldest public sauna still in use is the Rajaportin sauna in Tampere, built in 1906; it is still heated in the traditional manner. Visitors may participate in massage and cupping, a traditional treatment in which small glass cups containing heated air are placed onto the skin so that the cups form a seal with the skin. The reduced air pressure draws circulation to the cupped area.
The Sauna Today
The traditional smoke sauna gave way over time to a slightly more sophisticated model with a chimneyed stove whose heat could be regulated. This new sort of stove needed only an hour or two to heat up and could be used as soon as the fire went out. By the 1950s, about half of the saunas in Finland were this type.
In the 1930s, a new type of sauna was introduced -- one in which the stones and the fire are separated by a cast-iron element, with the fire remaining lit throughout the bath. This type of sauna allows bathing to begin after just 30 minutes, but the disadvantage is that the fire must be attended throughout the bath, which can be disruptive. some say the quality of the steam is also inferior to that in a directly heated sauna.
Today, even more modern saunas have been developed, including versions powered by electricity, oil or gas, which are safer, but are generally considered inferior to their wood-burning predecessors
Finnish saunas are found in a wide variety of locations. A number of Finnish cargo ships boast saunas, as do many corporate offices and the Finnish parliament building. (It is not uncommon for politicians and business leaders to hold meetings and negotiate deals in the sauna.) Finns have also been known to erect saunas while serving in war. An annual festival even brings together owners of"mobile saunas." However, modesty and simplicity remain integral to the essence of the sauna space. saunas are almost always lined with simple wood or logs, and ostentatious decoration is not acceptable.
Photo Caption: Phonebooth sauna
Credit: Oktober Oy
Sources:
» Breining, Greg. "How to Spot a Real Sauna? No Sweat." Sports Illustrated, February 25, 1991.
» The Finnish Sauna Society
» Gabbatt, Adam. "Sauna contest leaves Russian dead and champion Finn in hospital." The Guardian, August 8, 2010.
» Horowitz, Jason. "At Finnish Embassy, the Heat is On." The Washington Post, March 18, 2010.
» Korhonen, Nina. "The Sauna -- A Sacred Place." Universitas Helsingiensis (1998).
» "Police Probe Death at World Sauna Championships." Associated Press, August 9, 2010.
» Rajaportin Sauna
» Valtakari, Pirkko. "Finnish Sauna Culture -- Not Just a Cliché." The Finnish Sauna Society.
The Sauna in Finland: The Sauna Ritual
The basic Finnish sauna ritual is very simple, and Finns are taught to behave in the sauna as they would in church: noise and sexual or otherwise indecent behavior are unacceptable.
Humidity is then created by ladling water onto stones called kinas. The resulting steam, or löyly, is an integral part of the sauna experience. After löyly comes "whisking," when a bather uses a whisk made of aromatic young birch trees to lightly beat himself, increasing circulation and perspiration and releasing a pleasant smell into the air.
Next, bathers cool down, either by sitting in a cooler room or sitting outside, or by taking a shower or a swim in one of Finland's 200,000 lakes. The process can then be repeated.
Finns are taught to behave in the sauna as they would in church: noise and sexual or otherwise indecent behavior are unacceptable. Men and women bathe separately except within families.
Photo Caption: Men in an Independence Day sauna
Credit: Oktober Oy
The Sauna in Finland: Health Implications of Saunas
Since the death of amateur Russian wrestler Vladimir Ladyzhenskiy in the 2010 sauna World championships, the safety and health benefits of saunas have been questioned increasingly in the Finnish media and elsewhere.
The Finns, however, stand by their belief that the sauna is not only safe for almost everyone, but beneficial as well, promoting muscle relaxation, dissipation of physical and mental stress and good sleep. According to a 2008 research report, the annual death rate in Finnish saunas was less than two per 100,000 people, representing around 100 Finns a year. The majority of deaths were due to natural causes, such as heart problems, and nearly half of the deaths occurred under the influence of alcohol, while around 25 percent of the deaths were the direct result of heat exposure.
Heavy meals and alcohol are discouraged before a sauna, though it's generally acceptable to drink one beer during the experience. Afterwards, bathers are encouraged to drink fluids to replace those lost -- as much as a quart of sweat an hour -- and to eat a light meal or snack.
Photo Caption: Paper factory workers in locker room
Credit: Oktober Oy
Gender and Masculinity in Finland
In recent decades, Finland has earned a reputation for gender equality. Like its Scandinavian neighbors, Finland has some of the world's most progressive laws and social structures regarding health care, child care and supporting women in the workplace.
A 2001 study showed that both Finnish men and women (but especially women) thought that having a female president (the country's first) was an important step toward equality between the sexes and indicated a shift in the political climate.
With a shift in the political climate came a shift in what many Finns refer to as "sauna diplomacy." While there has been a long custom in Finland of holding business and political meetings in saunas, Olli Rehn, the Finnish politician currently serving as European commissioner for economic and financial affairs, conceded that with increasing "emphasis on gender equality" it is more difficult to organize sauna meetings. Saunas in Finland are typically taken in the nude, and as a result men and women take separate saunas.
Photo Caption: Mikko Rissanen and Petri Koskinen
Credit: Oktober Oy
Sources:
» Branchereau, Gael. "Sauna Diplomacy on the decline in Finland." Lanka Business Online. January 22, 2007.
» Chhokar, Jagdeep S., Felix C. Brodbeck and Robert J. House, eds. Culture and Leadership, Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In Depth Studies of 25 Societies. London: Psychology Press, 2007.
» Dutton, Edward. "The Men's Turn at Last." 65 Degrees North, November 3, 2010.
» Ember, Carol R., and Melvin Ember, eds. Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. New York: Springer, 2006.
» McHugh, Charles. "Japanese Less Open Than Finns Toward a Same-Sex Friend." Intercultural Communication Studies, 2002.
» Menken, Robin. "Mika Hotakainen talks about 'Steam of Life.'" Cinema Without Borders, January 8, 2011.
The Making of 'Steam of Life'
Due to the extreme conditions, shooting in the saunas proved to be technically challenging.
Though filmmakers Joonas Berghäll and Mika Hotakainen knew what the film subjects might talk about in the saunas, the scenes they filmed were completely unscripted. In order to create a comfortable atmosphere, the filmmakers and cameramen were all nude during shooting.
Due to the extreme conditions, shooting in the saunas proved to be technically challenging. The camera was set up in the saunas 90 minutes before filming to allow the equipment to acclimate to the small, humid rooms that reached temperatures over 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Though this prevented condensation from forming on the lenses, operating the hot camera still proved difficult.
Photo Caption: Filmmakers Mika Hotakainen and Joonas Berghäll
Credit: Malla Hukkanen
Sources:
» Documentary.org. "Meet the DocuWeeks Filmmakers: Joonas Berghall and Mika Hotakainen."
» Hotsprung. "Steam of Life."