POV
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In the United States, more than 15 million school-age children (26 percent) are on their own after school. Among those, more than 1 million are in kindergarten through 5th grade. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The parents of more than 28 million school-age children work outside the home. (U.S. Department of Labor, 1998)

Nine in 10 Americans want all children and teens to have some type of organized activity or safe place to go after school. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2004)

Over three quarters of Americans (76 percent) agree that members of Congress, state and local elected officials should increase funding for afterschool programs. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2008)

Only 8.4 million children in kindergarten through 12th grade (15 percent) participate in afterschool programs. An additional 18.5 million would participate if quality programs were available in their communities. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The hours between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. are the peak hours for juvenile crime and experimentation with drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and sex. (Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, 2002)

Currently, the federal government contributes only 11 percent of the cost of afterschool programs, while 29 percent of the children in afterschool programs meet the federal government's definition of low-income and in need of federal assistance. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

Teens who do not participate in afterschool programs are nearly three times more likely to skip classes than teens who do participate. They are also three times more likely to use marijuana or other drugs, and are more likely to drink, smoke and engage in sexual activity. (YMCA of the USA, 2001)

Nobel laureate in economics and early childhood education expert James Heckman has posited that a combination of early education and participation in afterschool programs can reduce drug use among youth by nearly 50 percent while reducing the likelihood of their skipping school by half. ("Investing in Our Young People," University of Chicago, 2006)

The Study of Promising After-School Programs found that regular participation in high-quality afterschool programs is linked to significant gains in standardized test scores and work habits, as well as reductions in behavior problems among disadvantaged students. (University of California, Irvine, 2007)

Parents miss an average of eight days of work per year due to a lack of afterschool care. Decreased worker productivity related to parental concerns about afterschool care costs businesses up to $300 billion per year. (Community, Families and Work Program at Brandeis University, 2004; Catalyst, 2006)

An analysis of 73 afterschool studies concluded that afterschool programs using evidence-based approaches were consistently successful in producing multiple benefits for youth, including improvements in children's personal, social and academic skills, as well as their self-esteem. (The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2007)

Children in the LA's BEST afterschool program attend school more often and report higher aspirations for finishing school and going to college. LA's BEST participants are 20 percent less likely to drop out and are 30 percent less likely to participate in criminal activities than those who don't participate. Researchers estimate that every dollar invested in the LA's BEST program saves the city $2.50 in crime-related costs. (National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing at UCLA, 2000, 2005 and 2007)

Students in programs supported by The After-School Corporation improved their math scores and regular school day attendance compared to non-participants. High school participants passed more Regents exams and earned more high school credits than non-participants. (Policy Studies Associates, 2004)

Participants in Citizen Schools' afterschool programs are much more likely to go on to high-quality high schools compared to non-participants (59 percent versus 28 percent). Former Citizen Schools participants were also significantly more likely to graduate from high school in four years when compared to Boston public schools students overall. (Policy Studies Associates, July 2009)

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."



The Eugenio Maria de Hostos School, also known as Intermediate School 318 (frequently abbreviated to I.S. 318), is part of the New York City public school system and is located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. The school enrolls 1,615 students in grades six through nine and has 134 teachers on staff. Brooklyn Castle follows a group of students who belong to the school's highly ranked chess team. 87 percent of students on the team come from families that live below the poverty line (in New York, that is $22,000 for a family of four).

About one third of the students at I.S. 318 participate in at least one of a variety of afterschool programs, ranging from student government and band to robotics and dance. The city of New York contributes $20,000 each year to I.S. 318 for afterschool funding. The chess program, which includes afterschool classes with masters and travels to tournaments, costs the school $60,000.

Attendance at I.S. 318 was recently recorded at 95 percent, and the enrollment rate for gifted and talented is 43 percent. The school is open to all children in the district, and admissions are based on report cards and teacher recommendations rather than on test scores.

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."
» Inside Schools. "I.S. 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."
» IS 318 Chess Team."Help the Team."
» ProPublica. "The Opportunity Gap: IS 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."



The first four moves of a chess game can be played 318,979,564,000 different ways.

A master chess player has a rating of 2200 or more under the United States Chess Federation rating system. A grandmaster chess player has a rating above 2500. The highest rating ever achieved was 2870, a record set by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.

Russia has the most grandmasters of any country: 219. Ukraine is second with 80, and the United States is currently third with 78.

The highest number of moves theoretically possible for a chess game is 5,949.

The first (unofficial) world chess champion was an American, Paul Morphy, who played the greatest players across Europe from 1857 to 1859. The first official world champion was also an American: Wilhelm Steinitz was born in Prague but immigrated to the United States; he won the world championship in 1886 and lost it to Emanuel Lasker in a match held in New York and Montreal in 1894. America would not have another world champion until Bobby Fischer won the title in 1972.

Emanuel Lasker from Germany held the title of world champion longer the longest: 26 years and 337 days.

The first American chess tournament was held in New York in 1843.

In March 2013, Awonder Liang of Madison, Wisconsin became the youngest American ever to achieve the level of master in chess at age nine years, 11 months and 14 days.

Sources:
» Chess.com. "Interesting Chess facts"
» Chess Games. "Magnus Carlsen"
» World Chess Federation. "Federations Ranking"
» Chess Poster. "Did you know?"
» Evans, Larry. "Book Chronicles The Great U.s. Players." Sun Sentinel, June 30 1996.
» 50 States and Capitals. "New York Facts and Trivia"
» Schultz, Rob. "Madison fourth-grader Awonder Liang becomes youngest ever American chess master" Wisconsin State Journal, March 26 2013.

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In the United States, more than 15 million school-age children (26 percent) are on their own after school. Among those, more than 1 million are in kindergarten through 5th grade. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The parents of more than 28 million school-age children work outside the home. (U.S. Department of Labor, 1998)

Nine in 10 Americans want all children and teens to have some type of organized activity or safe place to go after school. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2004)

Over three quarters of Americans (76 percent) agree that members of Congress, state and local elected officials should increase funding for afterschool programs. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2008)

Only 8.4 million children in kindergarten through 12th grade (15 percent) participate in afterschool programs. An additional 18.5 million would participate if quality programs were available in their communities. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The hours between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. are the peak hours for juvenile crime and experimentation with drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and sex. (Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, 2002)

Currently, the federal government contributes only 11 percent of the cost of afterschool programs, while 29 percent of the children in afterschool programs meet the federal government's definition of low-income and in need of federal assistance. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

Teens who do not participate in afterschool programs are nearly three times more likely to skip classes than teens who do participate. They are also three times more likely to use marijuana or other drugs, and are more likely to drink, smoke and engage in sexual activity. (YMCA of the USA, 2001)

Nobel laureate in economics and early childhood education expert James Heckman has posited that a combination of early education and participation in afterschool programs can reduce drug use among youth by nearly 50 percent while reducing the likelihood of their skipping school by half. ("Investing in Our Young People," University of Chicago, 2006)

The Study of Promising After-School Programs found that regular participation in high-quality afterschool programs is linked to significant gains in standardized test scores and work habits, as well as reductions in behavior problems among disadvantaged students. (University of California, Irvine, 2007)

Parents miss an average of eight days of work per year due to a lack of afterschool care. Decreased worker productivity related to parental concerns about afterschool care costs businesses up to $300 billion per year. (Community, Families and Work Program at Brandeis University, 2004; Catalyst, 2006)

An analysis of 73 afterschool studies concluded that afterschool programs using evidence-based approaches were consistently successful in producing multiple benefits for youth, including improvements in children's personal, social and academic skills, as well as their self-esteem. (The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2007)

Children in the LA's BEST afterschool program attend school more often and report higher aspirations for finishing school and going to college. LA's BEST participants are 20 percent less likely to drop out and are 30 percent less likely to participate in criminal activities than those who don't participate. Researchers estimate that every dollar invested in the LA's BEST program saves the city $2.50 in crime-related costs. (National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing at UCLA, 2000, 2005 and 2007)

Students in programs supported by The After-School Corporation improved their math scores and regular school day attendance compared to non-participants. High school participants passed more Regents exams and earned more high school credits than non-participants. (Policy Studies Associates, 2004)

Participants in Citizen Schools' afterschool programs are much more likely to go on to high-quality high schools compared to non-participants (59 percent versus 28 percent). Former Citizen Schools participants were also significantly more likely to graduate from high school in four years when compared to Boston public schools students overall. (Policy Studies Associates, July 2009)

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."



The Eugenio Maria de Hostos School, also known as Intermediate School 318 (frequently abbreviated to I.S. 318), is part of the New York City public school system and is located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. The school enrolls 1,615 students in grades six through nine and has 134 teachers on staff. Brooklyn Castle follows a group of students who belong to the school's highly ranked chess team. 87 percent of students on the team come from families that live below the poverty line (in New York, that is $22,000 for a family of four).

About one third of the students at I.S. 318 participate in at least one of a variety of afterschool programs, ranging from student government and band to robotics and dance. The city of New York contributes $20,000 each year to I.S. 318 for afterschool funding. The chess program, which includes afterschool classes with masters and travels to tournaments, costs the school $60,000.

Attendance at I.S. 318 was recently recorded at 95 percent, and the enrollment rate for gifted and talented is 43 percent. The school is open to all children in the district, and admissions are based on report cards and teacher recommendations rather than on test scores.

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."
» Inside Schools. "I.S. 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."
» IS 318 Chess Team."Help the Team."
» ProPublica. "The Opportunity Gap: IS 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."



The first four moves of a chess game can be played 318,979,564,000 different ways.

A master chess player has a rating of 2200 or more under the United States Chess Federation rating system. A grandmaster chess player has a rating above 2500. The highest rating ever achieved was 2870, a record set by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.

Russia has the most grandmasters of any country: 219. Ukraine is second with 80, and the United States is currently third with 78.

The highest number of moves theoretically possible for a chess game is 5,949.

The first (unofficial) world chess champion was an American, Paul Morphy, who played the greatest players across Europe from 1857 to 1859. The first official world champion was also an American: Wilhelm Steinitz was born in Prague but immigrated to the United States; he won the world championship in 1886 and lost it to Emanuel Lasker in a match held in New York and Montreal in 1894. America would not have another world champion until Bobby Fischer won the title in 1972.

Emanuel Lasker from Germany held the title of world champion longer the longest: 26 years and 337 days.

The first American chess tournament was held in New York in 1843.

In March 2013, Awonder Liang of Madison, Wisconsin became the youngest American ever to achieve the level of master in chess at age nine years, 11 months and 14 days.

Sources:
» Chess.com. "Interesting Chess facts"
» Chess Games. "Magnus Carlsen"
» World Chess Federation. "Federations Ranking"
» Chess Poster. "Did you know?"
» Evans, Larry. "Book Chronicles The Great U.s. Players." Sun Sentinel, June 30 1996.
» 50 States and Capitals. "New York Facts and Trivia"
» Schultz, Rob. "Madison fourth-grader Awonder Liang becomes youngest ever American chess master" Wisconsin State Journal, March 26 2013.

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In the United States, more than 15 million school-age children (26 percent) are on their own after school. Among those, more than 1 million are in kindergarten through 5th grade. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The parents of more than 28 million school-age children work outside the home. (U.S. Department of Labor, 1998)

Nine in 10 Americans want all children and teens to have some type of organized activity or safe place to go after school. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2004)

Over three quarters of Americans (76 percent) agree that members of Congress, state and local elected officials should increase funding for afterschool programs. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2008)

Only 8.4 million children in kindergarten through 12th grade (15 percent) participate in afterschool programs. An additional 18.5 million would participate if quality programs were available in their communities. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The hours between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. are the peak hours for juvenile crime and experimentation with drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and sex. (Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, 2002)

Currently, the federal government contributes only 11 percent of the cost of afterschool programs, while 29 percent of the children in afterschool programs meet the federal government's definition of low-income and in need of federal assistance. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

Teens who do not participate in afterschool programs are nearly three times more likely to skip classes than teens who do participate. They are also three times more likely to use marijuana or other drugs, and are more likely to drink, smoke and engage in sexual activity. (YMCA of the USA, 2001)

Nobel laureate in economics and early childhood education expert James Heckman has posited that a combination of early education and participation in afterschool programs can reduce drug use among youth by nearly 50 percent while reducing the likelihood of their skipping school by half. ("Investing in Our Young People," University of Chicago, 2006)

The Study of Promising After-School Programs found that regular participation in high-quality afterschool programs is linked to significant gains in standardized test scores and work habits, as well as reductions in behavior problems among disadvantaged students. (University of California, Irvine, 2007)

Parents miss an average of eight days of work per year due to a lack of afterschool care. Decreased worker productivity related to parental concerns about afterschool care costs businesses up to $300 billion per year. (Community, Families and Work Program at Brandeis University, 2004; Catalyst, 2006)

An analysis of 73 afterschool studies concluded that afterschool programs using evidence-based approaches were consistently successful in producing multiple benefits for youth, including improvements in children's personal, social and academic skills, as well as their self-esteem. (The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2007)

Children in the LA's BEST afterschool program attend school more often and report higher aspirations for finishing school and going to college. LA's BEST participants are 20 percent less likely to drop out and are 30 percent less likely to participate in criminal activities than those who don't participate. Researchers estimate that every dollar invested in the LA's BEST program saves the city $2.50 in crime-related costs. (National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing at UCLA, 2000, 2005 and 2007)

Students in programs supported by The After-School Corporation improved their math scores and regular school day attendance compared to non-participants. High school participants passed more Regents exams and earned more high school credits than non-participants. (Policy Studies Associates, 2004)

Participants in Citizen Schools' afterschool programs are much more likely to go on to high-quality high schools compared to non-participants (59 percent versus 28 percent). Former Citizen Schools participants were also significantly more likely to graduate from high school in four years when compared to Boston public schools students overall. (Policy Studies Associates, July 2009)

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."



The Eugenio Maria de Hostos School, also known as Intermediate School 318 (frequently abbreviated to I.S. 318), is part of the New York City public school system and is located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. The school enrolls 1,615 students in grades six through nine and has 134 teachers on staff. Brooklyn Castle follows a group of students who belong to the school's highly ranked chess team. 87 percent of students on the team come from families that live below the poverty line (in New York, that is $22,000 for a family of four).

About one third of the students at I.S. 318 participate in at least one of a variety of afterschool programs, ranging from student government and band to robotics and dance. The city of New York contributes $20,000 each year to I.S. 318 for afterschool funding. The chess program, which includes afterschool classes with masters and travels to tournaments, costs the school $60,000.

Attendance at I.S. 318 was recently recorded at 95 percent, and the enrollment rate for gifted and talented is 43 percent. The school is open to all children in the district, and admissions are based on report cards and teacher recommendations rather than on test scores.

Sources:
» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."
» Inside Schools. "I.S. 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."
» IS 318 Chess Team."Help the Team."
» ProPublica. "The Opportunity Gap: IS 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."



The first four moves of a chess game can be played 318,979,564,000 different ways.

A master chess player has a rating of 2200 or more under the United States Chess Federation rating system. A grandmaster chess player has a rating above 2500. The highest rating ever achieved was 2870, a record set by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.

Russia has the most grandmasters of any country: 219. Ukraine is second with 80, and the United States is currently third with 78.

The highest number of moves theoretically possible for a chess game is 5,949.

The first (unofficial) world chess champion was an American, Paul Morphy, who played the greatest players across Europe from 1857 to 1859. The first official world champion was also an American: Wilhelm Steinitz was born in Prague but immigrated to the United States; he won the world championship in 1886 and lost it to Emanuel Lasker in a match held in New York and Montreal in 1894. America would not have another world champion until Bobby Fischer won the title in 1972.

Emanuel Lasker from Germany held the title of world champion longer the longest: 26 years and 337 days.

The first American chess tournament was held in New York in 1843.

In March 2013, Awonder Liang of Madison, Wisconsin became the youngest American ever to achieve the level of master in chess at age nine years, 11 months and 14 days.

Sources:
» Chess.com. "Interesting Chess facts"
» Chess Games. "Magnus Carlsen"
» World Chess Federation. "Federations Ranking"
» Chess Poster. "Did you know?"
» Evans, Larry. "Book Chronicles The Great U.s. Players." Sun Sentinel, June 30 1996.
» 50 States and Capitals. "New York Facts and Trivia"
» Schultz, Rob. "Madison fourth-grader Awonder Liang becomes youngest ever American chess master" Wisconsin State Journal, March 26 2013.

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Brooklyn Castle: In Context


In the United States, more than 15 million school-age children (26 percent) are on their own after school. Among those, more than 1 million are in kindergarten through 5th grade. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The parents of more than 28 million school-age children work outside the home. (U.S. Department of Labor, 1998)

Nine in 10 Americans want all children and teens to have some type of organized activity or safe place to go after school. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2004)

Over three quarters of Americans (76 percent) agree that members of Congress, state and local elected officials should increase funding for afterschool programs. (Afterschool Alliance; Lake, Snell, Perry & Associates, 2008)

Only 8.4 million children in kindergarten through 12th grade (15 percent) participate in afterschool programs. An additional 18.5 million would participate if quality programs were available in their communities. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

The hours between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. are the peak hours for juvenile crime and experimentation with drugs, alcohol, cigarettes and sex. (Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, 2002)

Currently, the federal government contributes only 11 percent of the cost of afterschool programs, while 29 percent of the children in afterschool programs meet the federal government's definition of low-income and in need of federal assistance. (Afterschool Alliance, 2009)

Teens who do not participate in afterschool programs are nearly three times more likely to skip classes than teens who do participate. They are also three times more likely to use marijuana or other drugs, and are more likely to drink, smoke and engage in sexual activity. (YMCA of the USA, 2001)

Nobel laureate in economics and early childhood education expert James Heckman has posited that a combination of early education and participation in afterschool programs can reduce drug use among youth by nearly 50 percent while reducing the likelihood of their skipping school by half. ("Investing in Our Young People," University of Chicago, 2006)

The Study of Promising After-School Programs found that regular participation in high-quality afterschool programs is linked to significant gains in standardized test scores and work habits, as well as reductions in behavior problems among disadvantaged students. (University of California, Irvine, 2007)

Parents miss an average of eight days of work per year due to a lack of afterschool care. Decreased worker productivity related to parental concerns about afterschool care costs businesses up to $300 billion per year. (Community, Families and Work Program at Brandeis University, 2004; Catalyst, 2006)

An analysis of 73 afterschool studies concluded that afterschool programs using evidence-based approaches were consistently successful in producing multiple benefits for youth, including improvements in children's personal, social and academic skills, as well as their self-esteem. (The Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, 2007)

Children in the LA's BEST afterschool program attend school more often and report higher aspirations for finishing school and going to college. LA's BEST participants are 20 percent less likely to drop out and are 30 percent less likely to participate in criminal activities than those who don't participate. Researchers estimate that every dollar invested in the LA's BEST program saves the city $2.50 in crime-related costs. (National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing at UCLA, 2000, 2005 and 2007)

Students in programs supported by The After-School Corporation improved their math scores and regular school day attendance compared to non-participants. High school participants passed more Regents exams and earned more high school credits than non-participants. (Policy Studies Associates, 2004)

Participants in Citizen Schools' afterschool programs are much more likely to go on to high-quality high schools compared to non-participants (59 percent versus 28 percent). Former Citizen Schools participants were also significantly more likely to graduate from high school in four years when compared to Boston public schools students overall. (Policy Studies Associates, July 2009)


Sources:

» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."



The Eugenio Maria de Hostos School, also known as Intermediate School 318 (frequently abbreviated to I.S. 318), is part of the New York City public school system and is located in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. The school enrolls 1,615 students in grades six through nine and has 134 teachers on staff. Brooklyn Castle follows a group of students who belong to the school's highly ranked chess team. 87 percent of students on the team come from families that live below the poverty line (in New York, that is $22,000 for a family of four).

About one third of the students at I.S. 318 participate in at least one of a variety of afterschool programs, ranging from student government and band to robotics and dance. The city of New York contributes $20,000 each year to I.S. 318 for afterschool funding. The chess program, which includes afterschool classes with masters and travels to tournaments, costs the school $60,000.

Attendance at I.S. 318 was recently recorded at 95 percent, and the enrollment rate for gifted and talented is 43 percent. The school is open to all children in the district, and admissions are based on report cards and teacher recommendations rather than on test scores.


Sources:

» Brooklyn Castle. "Back to School and Battling the Budget with I.S. 318."

» Inside Schools. "I.S. 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."

» IS 318 Chess Team."Help the Team."

» ProPublica. "The Opportunity Gap: IS 318 Eugenio Maria De Hostos."



The first four moves of a chess game can be played 318,979,564,000 different ways.

A master chess player has a rating of 2200 or more under the United States Chess Federation rating system. A grandmaster chess player has a rating above 2500. The highest rating ever achieved was 2870, a record set by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.

Russia has the most grandmasters of any country: 219. Ukraine is second with 80, and the United States is currently third with 78.

The highest number of moves theoretically possible for a chess game is 5,949.

The first (unofficial) world chess champion was an American, Paul Morphy, who played the greatest players across Europe from 1857 to 1859. The first official world champion was also an American: Wilhelm Steinitz was born in Prague but immigrated to the United States; he won the world championship in 1886 and lost it to Emanuel Lasker in a match held in New York and Montreal in 1894. America would not have another world champion until Bobby Fischer won the title in 1972.

Emanuel Lasker from Germany held the title of world champion longer the longest: 26 years and 337 days.

The first American chess tournament was held in New York in 1843.

In March 2013, Awonder Liang of Madison, Wisconsin became the youngest American ever to achieve the level of master in chess at age nine years, 11 months and 14 days.


Sources:

» Chess.com. "Interesting Chess facts"

» Chess Games. "Magnus Carlsen"

» World Chess Federation. "Federations Ranking"

» Chess Poster. "Did you know?"

» Evans, Larry. "Book Chronicles The Great U.s. Players." Sun Sentinel, June 30 1996.

» 50 States and Capitals. "New York Facts and Trivia"

» Schultz, Rob. "Madison fourth-grader Awonder Liang becomes youngest ever American chess master" Wisconsin State Journal, March 26 2013.